Flaws with Utilitarianism Essay

Among the most glaring problems that I see with Utilitarianism is its inclusion of animals under the umbrella that blankets this theory. It seems irrefutable that there exists an inordinate number of cases where the consequence that is against the best interest of an animal is favorable to humans, yet that dictating action is one that has been continually taken and condoned by the general public. This is a fundamental challenge, as the Utilitarian philosophy decrees that the pleasure and pain experienced by all individuals, including animals, has equal worth and must be considered when determining the net benefit of an action’s consequences. The most drastic and prevalent of examples that one could provide to illustrate this contradiction would be the practice of using animals to provide food. It cannot be argued that it is in the best interest of a cow, a chicken, or another animal to be slaughtered to serve the dietary needs of mankind. Accordingly, Utilitarian reasoning suggests, in direct opposition to the intuition of humanity, that it is morally impermissible to kill the animals. While a Utilitarian philosopher might provide the counter-argument that such is natural order of the world that there exist a hierarchical food tree. Further they would insist that the greater good is that humans be nourished and provided for by the meat, for our pleasure is superior in quality to that of the beast. This reasoning, however, is flawed in two ways. Initially, the method by which meat finds its way to grocery stores for our purchase and eventual consumption is not one governed by the ways of nature, but rather is one engineered for efficiency by humans. Animals are bread forcibly, then nourished with specific intent of managing fat content, meat flavor, and healthiness, each of which discounts the Utilitarian claim that nature makes our carnivorous methods ethically permissible. Secondly, and perhaps more fundamentally, such a claim is in direct contradiction to the Utilitarian tenet that each individual has equal value regardless of identity or stature. Because humans could be sufficiently nourished without the killing of animals, it cannot be argued that the consequence of causing death to an animal is equivalent or less substantial than that of feeding a man. Conversely, there exist equally as many challenges to raise had the ethicist taken the alternate position that animals have equal value and accordingly that their pleasure is impermissibly infringed upon when they are killed for human interest. Arguments could be presented for a bevy of actions taken on a daily basis by society as a whole. One might address the fact that using animal testing for the advancement of medicine has benefits that outweigh the pains. Similarly, while the development of land effectively kills the previously animal inhabitants, it is an accepted result that society has displayed it is willing to disregard. In each of these cases, the majority of society condones such behavior, as evidenced by their existence as common public practice. While it is undeniable that opposition to each behavior does exist, the magnitude of this resistance is far outweighed by those in finding the long term benefits worthy of the negative consequences. In the end, it grows apparent that while it may be valuable to consider the interests of animals when calculating the net benefit of a given action, neither their pleasure nor their pain should be equated to ours. Such a principle has been introduced through the ethical thought experiment The Dilemma of the Swine. Resultantly, human existence constitutes higher pleasure that does that of an animal and we are often better served by making such a distinction through intuitive analysis rather than applying â€Å"Hedonistic Calculus. † The fact that Utilitarianism can be forced into contradictions regardless of the stance they choose makes the inclusion of animals under their ethical umbrella a significant problem.

Paul Levy Essay

How would you describe the situation Levy inherited at the BIDMC? What challenges did he face? Why did previous turnaround efforts fail? (4 points) Two unique corporate cultures, Beth Israel Hospital and Deaconess Hospital merged in 1996 to become Beth Israel Deaconess (BID). To compete with Partners, BID and a few other hospitals combined forces and formed Care Group Systems (CGS). Lacking leadership commitment, BID was in chaos and consistently posted operating losses in millions of dollars per year. Additionally, although advised on numerous occasions, BID was inept in implementing restructuring plans and consequently had excessive employee turnover, which resulted in poor patient care. Succinct and expert advice to reorganize BID was never implemented. Although BID would agree to change, execution was postponed or disregarded due to the myriad level of management and bureaucratic processes within each department, which appeared to function independently of one another. Unable to move forward, management was locked in mental prisons. Groupthink was common practice for making essential business decisions, which resulted in escalation of commitment in continuing past practices and refusal to accept recommended changes. BID could be referred to as egocentric as the organization maintained the status quo. As President and CEO, Levy was expected to create a rapid turnaround of the deteriorating financial condition of the hospital. He was also expected to stop the several year trend of flawed implementation of restructuring recommendations. Furthermore, he was working under intense scrutiny and pressure from many officials, including the Attorney General’s Office of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the BID Board of Directors (BOD) and the Board of Directors of the BID parent company, CGS. How did Levy get started in his new job? What were his objectives and what did he accomplish 1) prior to his first day of work? 2) on his first day? 3) during his first week? (4 points) Before Levy accepted the position, he made conditions for his employment. These conditions included that he be hired before the Hunter Group Report was released, that the BOD be considerably reduced in size and that the BOD stay out of the day-to-day operations of the hospital. Even as he talked to the search team, he knew the responsibilities and his own abilities. Levy wanted to be hired prior to the Hunter report so that he could use the report in ways that he thought would be best. The second condition was to shrink the BOD from a 44-member group to a more-manageable group of 18 members, which was accomplished just a few months after Levy’s appointment as CEO. The third condition of employment, that the BOD remain out of the day-to-day operations, showed that he believed in a chain of command. Levy clearly communicated any meeting between board members and staff required prior approval. On his first day, he sent every employee of the hospital a memo that included: †¢ A promise of an open administration †¢ A warning that the hospital had been given this one last chance for a turnaround †¢ A promise to post the findings and recommendations of the Hunter Consulting Group †¢ Encouragement to employees to read and make comments regarding the report †¢ A promise that changes would be implemented and measured †¢ Warning of an unavoidable elimination of several hundred staff positions in the hospital †¢ A promise that the staff reductions would be carried out as humanely possible and people would be treated with dignity and respect †¢ His expectation of successful turnaround of BID because of the employees, their commitment, their strong sense of teamwork, and their ability to succeed In his message, Levy also conveyed that: †¢ He considered all staff (not just key players) to be team members †¢ All team members must share a common goal of carrying out the mission †¢ There is a sense of urgency †¢ The Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts had legitimate authority and control over the future of BID †¢ Staff would be held  accountable for their actions †¢ Levy would be open, honest and inclusive with information, even in the case of bad news †¢ High quality care was essential to BID’s future †¢ Together, the BID team could show the world success Levy created a sense of reality for employees whom previously had been told half-truths, lies or nothing about the serious nature of BID’s problems. In doing so, Levy gained â€Å"buy-in† from employees grateful that problems were being clearly identified by effective leadership. Also on his first day, Levy shared his message with local news agencies, which accomplished among other things letting the community know that he considered â€Å"buy-in† from the staff critical to success. According to his daily calendar, Levy spent much of his first week meeting with BID staff. What (if anything) was distinctive about the way Levy went about formulating, announcing and implementing the recovery plan? How did he overcome resistance? (3 points) Levy’s practice of speaking with staff likely induced his ability to gather as much information as possible regarding the current mood and culture. This information was needed to develop and implement a plan. Initially, his recovery plan had to include huge cost-saving initiatives. He had already set the stage for a massive lay-off by posting the Hunter Report for all employees to read. Therefore, it was relatively easy for him to fire/permanently lay-off 150 people by the end of the month. After all, he was only doing what the experts recommended. Who could argue with that? At the same time, purchasing controls were implemented in an effort to reduce costs. The next week, he rolled out additional strategic efforts. His plan was three-fold: regain a reputation for quality patient care and maintain an academic status; adopt some of the recommendations of the Hunter Group Report, implementing change; and, analyze why previous restructure plans failed and why this new one would work. Another of Levy’s implementation  plans was to promise low and deliver high. In other words, he knew the importance of meeting deadlines and plans by being conservative and not over-estimating. This practice is often referred to as â€Å"sand-bagging† and believed to be a useful tool. Levy’s intent was not to be deceitful; rather, it is a way of keeping forward momentum by delivering good news. How did Levy tackle the problem of the BIDMC’s â€Å"curious inability to decide?† (3 points) It was not until Levy came in and talked with the doctors and staff, really listening to each other’s problems and concerns that change could happen. Levy realized that the culture of BID played a significant role in the organization. People reacted and performed their jobs considering how they had performed their jobs in the past. The current structure and hierarchy defined who the chiefs were and the importance of their roles. They were caught up in this psychic prison. Levy had to help them overcome it by making sure they realized that they were not wrong and that they just needed to be open to change. Levy tried to get to the underside of the human emotions for these chiefs and let them see the benefit of changes. He made sure to give credit but also expected results and acceptance of the new strategic plan. While there is no indication as to which personnel were fired/laid-off, it was clear to the remaining staff that Levy was in charge and that â€Å"slackers† wou ld not be tolerated. This is a powerful motivator (albeit via fear) to eliminate resistance. Also prior to Levy, it seemed that committee meetings often resulted in groupthink. Levy knew that the chiefs were usually involved in those meetings, and that there was now a tremendous need to see results from those meetings. In the past, no one spoke up at meetings. Many participants kept quiet instead of actually saying what they thought. Staff members were afraid to rock the boat. Once Levy came on board, many decisions and changes were implemented via steering committees instead of from the chiefs. This was a significant change in the hierarchical structure. No longer did all decisions and ideas come straight down from the boss in the tower. This change allowed staff members to get involved and present ideas. Ultimately,  it would be staff members whom had a key role in the implementation of turnaround plans. This â€Å"empowerment† of the staff led them to have less resistance toward change. In describing his leadership style, Levy speaks of the CEO as teacher. How has he defined that role? Why has he chosen to focus on it? What skills does it require? (3 points) Levy’s leadership style is a strategic facilitator, through developing employee ownership by illuminating the nature of the problem and seeking their involvement in finding solutions. Levy believed it essential to build a core management team that is in accord with the plan, mission and values and who are willing to assume risk in embracing change. The CEO role is to support the management team and remove those who are obstructionists. The byproduct is improved decision-making and accountability. He uses peer pressure as an accountability tool so there is public acknowledgment of responsibility for specific tasks. By redirecting comments from naysayers, Levy places the onus on others to provide a solution for problems. Additionally, Levy understands the dynamics of each meeting and what can and cannot be accomplished in each. Levy used a human resources view in assessing various situations. He leveraged this framework while making a majority of his decisions. He valued feedback from his employees and kept them abreast of pertinent information, which resulted in efficient and satisfied employees. Levy accomplished this literally by roaming the hospital with the intent on knowing the staff in person. He would engage in conversations seeking suggestions for change in their occupational area and reassured skeptics that his plan for change would be successful. Levy’s efforts to include everyone in the day-to-day progress as well as helping employees find answers to their problems, made the work more satisfying to his employees. What did members of your team learn from completing this case? How might members of your team use this information in their current or  future jobs?

Individuals with Behavioural Difficulties Essay

When working in the care industry whether that is with the elderly, mental health or children it becomes apparent that you as an individual become empowered by virtue of being primary care for that specific individual hence being an influential figure in any individual’s life recovery and rehabilitation. Due to this factor we have had many horrific incidents which have involved individuals in a position of power and whom have abused this trust and disregarded legislation, policy and procedure to continually systematically abuse service users in a vulnerable position. It is no secret that this has happened and still continues today within places of care. This is the purpose of the new legislative law updated and reviewed to combat and eliminate such barbaric behaviours displayed by so called supportive staff members in supposedly places of secure safe environments. Look more:  emotion focused coping definition essay The purpose of legislative law is to filter new and reform existing legislation through to the relevant policies and procedures within specific places of work. So to summarise the purpose of legislation in terms of managing difficult behaviours is that it functions to safe guard the vulnerability of service users in places of care which predominantly gets feed down through governing bodies to the policies and procedures file within the office within your place of work. It can be looked upon as a code of good practice with regards how to deal with vulnerable adults whom display challenging behaviours within places of care. When working within such an environment it is almost expected to receive challenging behaviour due to the different backgrounds and diagnosis the service users have so it would not be acceptable to react within such a way as you would when away from the unit due to the very essence of the clientele we deal with. This is not to say we are not in a vulnerable position to so we are legally permitted to utilise restraint techniques which is in the form of an in depth restraint course which covers  floor, escorting and seated restraints for the safety of the service user, other service users and also the safety of your fellow support staff within the workplace. This form of restraint is always the last line of defence it is paramount to utilise the different approaches available to return the service user to his baseline without putting hands on a client. 1 (1.2) The reason for such care institutions is specifically to rehabilitate and educate service users in the acquisition of knowledge regarding them to facilitate them to utilise coping strategies in the effort of recovery and rehabilitation rather than punitive based techniques. There are a massive variety of different approaches and methods when attempting to change an individual’s behaviour. We will target only a specific few that are more prevalent within today’s industry. The methods and approaches will include motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioural therapy, solution-focused therapy and adult learning methods these will be the approaches and methods that I will expand upon throughout the chapter. CBT is a form of talking therapy that combines cognitive therapy and behaviour therapy. It focuses on how you think about the things going on in your life, your thoughts, images, beliefs and attitudes (your cognitive processes), and how this impacts on the way you beha ve and deal with emotional problems. It then looks at how you can change any negative patterns of thinking or behaviour that may be causing you difficulties. In turn, this can change the way you feel. CBT tends to be short, taking six weeks to six months. You will usually attend a session once a week, each session lasting either 50 minutes or an hour. Together with the therapist you will explore what your problems are and develop a plan for tackling them. You will learn a set of principles that you can apply whenever you need to. You may find them useful long after you have left therapy. CBT may focus on what is going on in the present rather than the past. However, the therapy may also look at your past and how your past experiences impact on how you interpret the world now. The concept of motivational interviewing evolved from experience in the treatment of problem drinkers, and was first described by Miller (1983) in an article published in Behavioral Psychotherapy. These fundamental concepts and  approaches were later elaborated by Miller and Rollnick (1991) in a more detailed description of clinical procedures. Motivational interviewing is a semi-directive, client-centered counseling style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence. Compared with non-directive counseling, it’s more focused and goal-directed. Motivational Interviewing is a method that works on facilitating and engaging intrinsic motivation within the client in order to change behavior. The examination and resolution of ambivalence is a central purpose, and the counselor is intentionally directive in pursuing this goal. Motivational interviewing recognizes and accepts the fact that clients who need to make changes in their lives approach counseling at different levels of readiness to change their behavior. During counseling, some patient may have thought about it but not taken steps to change it while some especially those volunt arily seeking counseling, may be actively trying to change their behavior and may have been doing so unsuccessfully for years. In order for a therapist to be successful at motivational interviewing, four basic skills should first be established. These skills include: the ability to ask open ended questions, the ability to provide affirmations, the capacity for reflective listening, and the ability to periodically provide summary statements to the client. Motivational interviewing is non-judgmental, non-confrontational and non-adversarial. The approach attempts to increase the client’s awareness of the potential problems caused, consequences experienced, and risks faced as a result of the behavior in question. Alternately, therapists help clients envision a better future, and become increasingly motivated to achieve it. Either way, the strategy seeks to help clients think differently about their behavior and ultimately to consider what might be gained through change. Motivational interviewing focuses on the present, and entails working with a client to access motivation to change a particular behavior, that is not consistent with a client’s personal value or goal. Warmth, genuine empathy, and unconditional positive regard are necessary to foster therapeutic gain (Rogers, 1961) within motivational interviewing. Another central concept is that ambivalence about decisions is resolved by conscious or unconscious weighing of pros and cons of change vs. not changing (Ajzen, 1980). It is critical to meet patients/clients where they are (Prochaska, 1983), and to not force a client towards change when they have not expressed a desire to  do so. Motivational interviewing is considered to be both client-centered and semi-directive. It departs from traditional Rogerian client-centered therapy through this use of direction, in which therapists attempt to influence clients to consider making changes, rather than non-directively explore themselves. Solution focused brief therapy (SFBT), often referred to as simply ‘solution focused therapy’ or ‘brief therapy’, is a type of talking therapy that is based upon social constructionist philosophy. It focuses on what clients want to achieve through therapy rather than on the problems that made them seek help. The approach does not focus on the past, but instead, focuses on the present and future. The therapist or counselor uses respectful curiosity to invite the client to envision their preferred future and then therapist and client start attending to any moves towards it whether these are small increments or large changes. To support this, questions are asked about the client’s story, strengths and resources, and about exceptions to the problem. Solution focused therapists believe that change is constant. By helping people identify the things that they wish to have changed in their life and also to attend to those things that are currently happening t hat they wish to continue to have happen, SFBT therapists help their clients to construct a concrete vision of a preferred future for themselves. The SFBT therapist then helps the client to identify times in their current life that are closer to this future, and examines what is different on these occasions. By bringing these small successes to their awareness, and helping them to repeat these successful things they do when the problem is not there or less severe, the therapists helps the client move towards the preferred future they have identified. Adult learning theory is part of being an effective educator involves understanding how adults learn best. Andragogy (adult learning) is a theory that holds a set of assumptions about how adults learn. Andragogy emphasises the value of the process of learning. It uses approaches to learning that are problem-based and collaborative rather than didactic, and also emphasises more equality between the teacher and learner. Andragogy as a study of adult learning originated in Europe in 1950’s and was then pioneered as a theory and model of adult learning from the 1970’s by Malcolm Knowles an American practitioner and theorist of adult education, who defined andragogy as â€Å"the art and science of helping adults learn†. Knowles  identified the six principles of adult learning outlined below. Adults are internally motivated and self-directed Adults bring life experiences and knowledge to learning experiences Adults are goal oriented Adults are relevancy oriented Adults are practical Adult learners like to be respected 2 (2.1) When we discuss behaviours it is imperative to understand why these behaviours are being displayed and it is often something which appears very minor to care staff but it can be interpreted as a big dilemma to the individual in question. When understanding the reasons for behaviours there can be many reasons for them but here is a few more common examples, culture, gender, beliefs, personality, illness, medication side effects, family, personal occasions etc. These are all contributing factors as to why individuals will display certain behaviours. Within the unit it has been noticed that a specific factor i.e. family contact can have a huge effect on a certain individual in our care. Due to the fact that this individual has very minimal contact with his family (personal choice) when this individual does eventually get to speak with his close family it can conjure up many different feelings within and can cause indirect behaviours within the unit. Feelings such as abandonment, not loved, singled out, why? These contributing factors will mix together and inevitably have to be released e.g. become withdrawn, aggressive, depressed (low). Now the staff team have highlighted this concern and a concise care plan has been put into place and agreed by the individual it can be monitored and dealt with more effectively in the requisition for this individual to eventually become more comfortable when discussing and contact the family. 2 (2.2) When we discuss the influence of the environment and behaviour of other individuals we are basically referring to the place in which these individuals reside e.g. the psychiatric hospital or the community home etc. These environments can play an enormously important role in the behaviours of individuals whom are observing they can be easily influenced by others  actions and will tend to mimic or act up to the situation or incident. It depends on the individuals in question but what can happen in a unit which is occupied by more than one service user is that individuals will observe (audience effect) and will either react in three different ways. The individual will either adopt and mimic the behaviour being displayed thus causing a major incident or the individual will remove themselves or will confront that individual or group of individuals having an incident thus again causing problems for the unit. 3 (3.1) When working in an area such as mental health it is imperative from the beginning to ensure you adopt a professional relationship and maintain this as long as you remain in the care system. It has been said to me that a good rule to follow is that of firm, fair but fun but not forgetting that there are constant boundaries that should be followed throughout your working career and not to be crossed. The working relationship is so important within mental health due to the fact specific clients will have blurred boundaries or have no boundaries at all so it is imperative as support staff the clearly and quickly introduce clear concise boundaries for service users. The working relationship has to remain purely professional for a number of reasons but mainly for the safety of the service users and that they do not miss interpret signals given by support staff and un intentionally cross the boundaries. If the professional working relationship is followed it can create a healthy relationship between support staff and service user and the avoidance of blurred boundaries. This is not to say that service users will not try and test the boundaries of specific staff members as this is commonplace within the area of mental health but as professional support worker it needs to meet with a firm approach and dealt with in a professional manner.

Critiques of Industrial Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Critiques of Industrial Revolution - Essay Example As we all know that organic food is not easily approachable by everyone as it is expensive. â€Å"Wal-Mart† has introduced it at comparatively cheaper price, which is good news. Here, the author criticizes that looking at cheaper organic food what can be expected. The author raises the question of the effects it will make on the industry economically and regarding fulfilling the consumer demand. Moreover, he is concerned whether the nutritional values are kept in mind or not as the milk cows are being fed on organic grain in the deserts instead of grass to cope up with the increasing demand. This results in milk with low nutritional values missing many of the important nutrients. Another example for this is that the growers of organic chicken were obliged to substitute the organic chicken feed with the conventional chicken feed if the price exceeds a certain level due to the government bill. Thus, the organic food purely rely the federal government. The question is still in the air that so called organic food is really organic or not. The author does not agree with the definition of organic food given by the government. Micheal in another article, â€Å"When Crop Become King† states that corn intake has increased hugely not even realizing it. Corn is the largest grown crop all over the world and a cheaper feed for animals2. Corns are a significant part of animals’ diet whether it is suitable for them or not. Then they are injected antibiotics when they get ill due to the indigestible feed. The meat and milk we get from those animals is not healthy and less nutritive. Besides, most of snacks and soft drinks are sweetened by the sweet corns instead of the sugars. This is because corn is the cheapest feed for the animals. Thus, corn has really become king of our land and dominating us, for its protection we have put our health at stake by

Medical Genetic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Medical Genetic - Essay Example Offspring with diabetic father and those with diabetic mother show negligible difference in symptoms save for the high LDL-cholesterol identified in those with diabetic mothers. On the other hand, children with diabetic mothers have low hypertension prevalence than those with diabetic fathers. If II: 2 is heterozygous, her genotype will be Mm. III: 1 will be heterozygous in that situation. Looking at how diabetes fulfils the criteria in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY; 613370), Edghill et al. (2008) indicates heterozygosity transmission in a third generation family with three members affected. 7. Yes. Studying the historical nature of the Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the young, it is indicated that patients may not show symptoms of the disease and that diagnosis may be made only when they reach old age. This is because the onset of diabetes, whether, genetic like in this case can be inhibited by the youthful active nature. Youths are very physically active and this can possibly regulate the onset of diabetes. 8. This is a transverse reaction. The amino acids changed because there was a deletion of the TTC trinucleotide in there codons. This is a non-conservative substitution reaction whereby Gly 148 (GGG), which is considered normal, becomes Arg148 (AGG). 9. DNA replication may be affected by strand slippage or crossover events which are unequal. Repetitive sequences at the misalignments cause deletions and nucleotide addition to the molecules of DNA. During substitution, there will be 1 DNA molecule holding a deletion and one having an insertion. The events above occurs when the mismatch repair mechanism fails, failure of direct repair, and nucleotide-excision repair. 5. This is a Mendelian inheritance.For a trait to be Mendelian, the child that receives the allele that is dominant from either of the parent has to have the trait that is dominant in form. The possession of the phenotype that is recessive occurs only when

Social Aspects of Alcohol Uses Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Social Aspects of Alcohol Uses - Research Paper Example According to the report findings to some people in the society, the preference they give alcohol exceeds that of food. On certain occasions, a number of men and women in today’s societies have lost their lives because of excessive alcohol consumption. Consequently, the increasing need for what is commonly referred as ‘liquid refreshment’ is becoming a major influence on community’s evolution. Many societies consider the drinking behavior as important for the entire social order. Nonetheless, for a modern complex society that has subgroups of people with different ages, the pattern that each group reflects special distinctiveness and the society’s cultural frame. Therefore, the drinking cultural practice ranges from keen immersion to complete rejection.This study discusses that  in many societies, people drink to celebrate, relax, and to socialize. However, its consumption has a strong effect and may vary differently from every user. Conversely, a n umber of factors determine how an individual may act under the influence of alcohol.   These factors include; age, health status, frequency of drinking, amount of alcohol consumed, and the family history. Many people from different societies reason that drinking alcohol in itself is not a problem but drinking excess alcohol may have negative consequences. Also, a variety of risks associated with excess alcohol consumption may result. When both the youth and the old consume alcohol, it enters the bloodstream, and the effects can be felt after about ten minutes of consumption. The concentration of alcohol increases in the body as one continues to consume more alcohol.

How Advertising is influenced by Ethics Research Paper

How Advertising is influenced by Ethics - Research Paper Example the literature review below, a comprehensive discussion on the different aspect of ethics and its influence on advertising for healthcare segment has been stated, which will assist the readers in getting a glimpse of the control that ethical advertising has on healthcare segment. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Influence of Ethics in Advertising Advertisements influence the thought process of the people and modify their outlook and behavior for the environment around them and the world. Therefore, moral principles, which are better known to be ethics, should be taught and understood by the advertisers, so that they can positively deliver the message that they intend to transmit. Ethics in advertising involves certain moral principles that have crucial role. The moral principle mainly emphasize on truthfulness, social dignity and responsibility of human beings. Truthfulness or honesty is the first characteristics that every advertisement must possess. Misrepresentation of information or exag geration should be strictly avoided. On the other hand, human dignity should not be harmed through advertisement, through criticism that violates rights or involves discriminations on any grounds. Ethics is just the starting point in advertising. The ethical decisions that are taken by the advertisers are generally complex and it includes steering through a moral maze of contradictory forces. When advertisements are developed by marketers, contradictions are apparent between cost and ethics, strategy and ethics or effectiveness and ethics. It is the obligation of the advertiser or the advertising professional to have an absolute knowledge of the industry standards, so that tactics can be executed without barring the industry norms. In these situations, aspects like personal judgment and... According to a customer, advertising is a way by which marketers can demonstrate about their product and lure them to buy it. However, advertising is not mere a lure game. It goes beyond just showing what is there to be sold. It is a serious business, which might cost lives of customers if not ethically done. In this research paper, the focus was on exploring the influence of ethics in advertising in healthcare marketing. Healthcare marketing involves promoting medicines, healthcare service by hospital and physicians, etc. Ethics is the most significant characteristics in advertising, but in healthcare segment, it is further important because it involves well-being of humans and animals too. Every country has their set of regulations and code of ethics for advertising, marketing or promotion. However, innumerable cases of misrepresentation, unethical practice, exaggeration, false claims, etc reveal that there are loop hole in codes of ethics which are being taken advantage of. There are no restrictions on freedom of speech or expression in any country, but it would be recommended that stricter laws for advertisement selection or broadcasting on television or online platforms.

Diploma Paper on Asthma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Diploma Paper on Asthma - Essay Example In my practice, however, I have seen some patients who are in such a phase that the patient experiences some degrees of airways obstruction daily. Prevalence: Asthma is very common; it is estimated that 4% to 5% of the population is affected with this condition. It occurs in all ages but predominantly seen in early life. About 50% of the cases develop before the age of 10, and another 33% occur before age 40. In childhood, there is a 2:1 male to female ratio, but this sex ratio equalises by age 30 (Neri, M. and Spanevello, A., 2000). Normal Anatomy: The larynx opens into a tube called trachea. This is approximately 5 to 6 inches long, and it is supported and kept open by a series of C-shaped rings of cartilage stacked one upon the other and open at the dorsal aspect. The area between the adjacent cartilages and between the tips of the cartilage contains connective tissue and smooth muscle. The trachea, thus, furnishes an open passageway for both incoming and outgoing air. Its ciliated lining cells also filters air and removes particulate matters before it enters the bronchi, brushing mucus-entrapped particles to the pharynx to be swallowed. The trachea branches into two primary bronchi, which have the same structure as the trachea. The bronchi become smaller and smaller as they extend towards the lungs, and eventually, their diameter is reduced to about 1 mm. At this point structurally, they seem to lack cartilages that were evident in the upper parts of the tract ( Frechette, E. and Deslauriers, J., 2006). When they start lacking the cartilaginous rings, these are termed as bronchioles. Bronchioles are composed entirely of smooth muscles supported by connective tissues. They, likewise, continue to branch and sub-branch until they form the smallest air passages, the terminal bronchioles. The branching and rebranching pattern of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles constitute a conducting network within the lung referred to as bronchial tree. The terminal bronchioles enter into the alveoli supplying inhaled air and receiving exhaled air (Begueret, H., Berger, P., Vernejoux, J. M., Dubuisson, L., Marthan, R., and Tunon-de-Lara, J. M., 2007). Control of Airway Caliber: Human lungs receive cholinergic, adrenergic, and peptidergic efferents and several types of efferents. These innervations by the autonomic nerves regulate many aspects of airway function. It has been suggested that the neural control of the airways may be abnormal in asthmatic patients, and neurogenic mechanisms may contribute to the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of asthma. The parasympathetic nervous system is the dominant neuronal pathway in the control of airway smooth muscle tone. Stimulation of cholinergic nerves causes bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, and bronchial vasodilatation (Janssen, L.J., Wattie, J., Lu-Chao, H., and Tazzeo, T., 2001). Sympathetic nerves may control tracheobronchial blood vessels. Although no sympathetic innervations of human airway smooth muscles have been demonstrated, beta-adrenergic receptors are abundant in the airway smooth muscles, and activation of these receptors causes bronchodilation. Inhibitory non-adrenergi c, non-cholinergic nerves (NANC) containing vasoactive intestinal peptides and nitric oxide may be the only neural bronchodilator pathways in the airways. Thus, the classical view with one excitatory (cholinergic) and other inhibitory (nor-adrenergic) components

Dangerous chemicals allowed by the FDA to be included in human and Research Paper

Dangerous chemicals allowed by the FDA to be included in human and animal foods - Research Paper Example as been documented to have allowed the use of harmful toxins to be used in human as well as animal food, which is likely to cause disastrous health outcomes, often leading to death. Although the exact number of harmful chemicals allowed by the FDA cannot be determined with accuracy, a comprehensive list of such chemicals is included as Appendix A. Three of the most potentially hazardous of the chemicals from the list (see appendix) Bisphenol A (BPA), Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and Ractopamine - are linked to disastrous health outcomes, often leading to death. The FDA should, therefore, ban these chemicals, from use in human and animal food products, in order to uphold the general principle of safeguarding public health and prevent the large scale destruction that the presence of such harmful toxins can cause. Bisphenol A (BPA), Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and Ractopamine are three of the several dangerous chemicals which are allowed by the FDA to be used in human and animal food, which are documented to have disastrous consequences when consumed, often leading to death, and hence need to be banned with immediate effect. The development in technology and the subsequent advancement in agriculture have both led to a dramatic rise in use of chemicals, particularly in the developed nations. Over 80,000 harmful chemicals are now made available commercially, and are regularly being used in agriculture and animal husbandry. Such potentially toxic chemicals which are known to enhance the productivity and hence the economical gain, and hence their drastic impact on human and animal life has been largely ignored (Erickson, 20093). Several of the toxic chemicals which are routinely used in agriculture as well as fed to livestock, have been proven to cause disastrous effect on human as well as animals, sometimes often leading to death. However, regardless of studies and researches which point towards their harmful influence on our lives, the use of such toxins

Freedmans Bureau, Forty Acres and a Mule, Cowboy and how it shaped Essay

Freedmans Bureau, Forty Acres and a Mule, Cowboy and how it shaped American identity - Essay Example The freedman's Bureau began as an organization funded by the War Department. Some successes of these organizations included assuring Black American's legal rights, rights to an education, and rights to worship as they pleased in churches of their own. Blacks were also provided with assistance in their search for lost family members. Initially the Freedman's Bureau had it's own court where Blacks were assured legal representation and fair decisions by the courts. They were also provided with assistance in obtaining fair labor contracts. Failures of organizations, such as the Freedman's Bureau, were mainly caused by lack of funding. Initial funding was provided by the War Department but when access to those funds ended the organizations relied on donations from northern charities. These organizations were hampered by the apathy of the southern governments. Most southerners were not to keen about the idea of providing assistance to the black communities or former slaves. Where did ideas such as the "Forty Acres and a Mule" originate How are those ideas viewed today After the Civil War, and during reconstruction of the southern states, there was debate about what to do with the confiscated lands and the number of ex-slaves who had nothing except their freedom. Ideas floated about as to what to do. It was suggested that the former slaves be given a portion of the land that they had worked all their lives. In Georgia, South Carolina (forty acres each in GA and SC) and Mississippi tracts of land were given to the ex-slaves. The former slaves were successful at farming and marketing their harvests. The cause of the former slaves was debated in Congress and the idea of "Forty Acres and a Mule" was not popular. The idea of confiscating land for redistribution was hugely unpopular in Congress and many felt would it would set a bad precedent for future arguments about property rights. Although the Freedman's Bureau advocated for the rights of the former slaves, most became sharecroppers that got a portion of the harvest. Most former slaves remained poor . The "Forty Acres and a Mule" idea fuels present day thought about reparations to the descendants of slaves and former slaves. In 1969 the "Black Manifesto" was published. It demanded monitory compensation (reparations) from predominantly white churches go to the descendants of former slaves. Some churches prior to that did raise fund to funds to benefit African Americans. Reparations debate tapered off after about the same time the Civil Rights movement slowed. But, legislators did pass the Equal Rights Amendments of 1964-65 that ended many "Jim Crow" laws. How did Northern Carpetbaggers exploit the vulnerabilities of the Southerners Carpetbaggers were Northerners who headed south after the Civil War to make money. They used carpets as cheap luggage (thus the name Carpetbaggers). These Carpetbaggers moved south, attained political power (mostly as Republicans) and exploited the Southerners. Carpetbaggers initially worked with the newly freed Black peoples to establish schools etc.. That changed as Union soldiers moved south, bought up land, and managed large tracts of land using the labor of former slaves. Southern Blacks did benefit to some extent by the arrival of the Carpetbagger because these Northerners believed in public education and created schools and colleges/universities for the benefit of all. Explain the myth of the cowboy and how it shaped American identity The myth of the cowboy has shaped American identity by representing westward expansion, "perennial rebirth" (Dye,

Emotions and the Brain Essay Example for Free

Emotions and the Brain Essay The organization of perceptual systems is identical to that of motility. Perception does not occur through a constructive phase of in-processing that begins in koniocortex. Rather, it develops in the reverse direction over a series of levels to a koniocortical end phase. In other words, the process of object formation unfolds in a cognitive sequence leading from a brainstem preobject through a limbic and generalized neocortical phase, to a final modeling achieved through primary visual cortex. The presumed role of frontal cortex in the elaboration of action structures, that is, the rhythmic or oscillatory components of an action, can explain other seemingly non-motor phenomena which occur with frontal lobe damage. For example, perceptual disorders may arise, not from a primary deficit of perception, but from impairments in the visual exploration of space, including changes in visual search, orientation, and ocular displacement. Two aspects of dynamic systems theory deserve specific mention here; the first is the emergent quality of Jungs methods. Amplification is an intentionally non-linear circumambulation of an image or psychic content; it operates by allowing contextually meaningful associations to be gathered up and enter consciousness. The concept of the limbic system as the focal brain division that must be investigated in order to understand emotionality. The medial surfaces of the telencephalic hemispheres (including cingulate, frontal, and temporal lobe areas especially the amygdala) and interconnections with septal, hypothalamic, and central-medial brain stem areas as part of the neural landscape that constituted the emotional brain. Cortical control of primitive behaviors and basic emotions has been achieved in several ways. One way was for the cortex to extend emotions in time by allowing organisms to dwell on past and future events. The organizational principle that has been most commonly used to summarize the neural infrastructure of emotional processes has been Paul MacLeans concept of the triune brain. According to the classic version which offers a conceptual cartoon of the major layers of neural development, the functional landscape of the brain is organized in three strata of evolutionary progression. Although humans have the largest frontal lobes of any species, dolphins have a massive new brain area, the paralimbic lobe, that we do not possess. The paralimbic lobe is an outgrowth of the cingulate gyrus, which is known to elaborate social communication and social emotions (such as feelings of separation distress and maternal intent) in all other mammals. We should always keep in mind a key conceptual distinction when we consider brain operating systems, namely, how open or closed are these systems in relation to environmental influences FLA loop The neural substrate of language consists of a complex hierarchical system of levels corresponding to stages in neocortical evolution. The system has an anterior (frontal) and posterior (temporo-parieto-occipital) component. The two main classes of aphasia, the non fluent and the fluent aphasias, refer to these components, while the various aphasic syndromes within each class point to different levels within the anterior or posterior sector. The structure as a whole develops out of medial and paraventricular formations through several growth planes of limbic and paralimbic (transitional) cortex to a stage of generalized (association, integration) cortex. The organization of perceptual systems is identical to that of motility. Perception does not occur through a constructive phase of in-processing that begins in koniocortex. Rather, it develops in the reverse direction over a series of levels to a koniocortical end phase. In other words, the process of object formation unfolds in a cognitive sequence leading from a brainstem preobject through a limbic and generalized neocortical phase, to a final modeling achieved through primary visual cortex. In a fashion similar to that of the frontal sector, the perception leads from a global pre-object in a unitary field at a preliminary level to the final more or less contralateral hemifield representation at a koniocortical end stage. (Christianson, 1992) Impaired initiation with lesions of mesial or orbito-frontal cortex may involve the action as a whole, or partially. The patient may be unable to initiate any action (akinetic mutism) or show hypoactivity, inertia and lack of spontaneity. These latter symptoms may represent attenuated forms of akinetic mutism. Perhaps, the degree of encroachment on, or distance from, core regions of frontal limbic cortex (e. g. , anterior cingulate gyrus) determines the extent of hypoactivity. In the partial disorders there is difficulty initiating a vocal act (mutism, transcortical motor aphasia) or limb action (alien hand, SMA syndrome and related disorders). Perseveration also occurs with damage to frontal limbic areas and is related to disturbed initiation. The persistence of a performance is the other side of an inability to go on to the next. Impaired initiation may occur without perseveration, but it is questionable whether the reverse is true. In fact, in perseveration, the initiation deficit often seems primary, for perseveration is greater for tasks which are more difficult, and it tends to involve previously successful performances. (Christianson, 1992) With convexity lesions the action is disrupted at a stage subsequent to its activation. Derailments occur at serial points in the unfolding of the action toward a goal. Apraxia, a substitution or defective selection of partial movements with lesions of left premotor cortex, is due to an alteration of motor timing, or a change in the kinetic pattern for a particular motor sequence. Other frontal disorders may have a similar basis. Agrammatism, dysprosody and expressive amusia probably represent the disruption of an oscillator which elaborates the rhythmic or prosodic contour of an utterance or vocal action. The presumed role of frontal cortex in the elaboration of action structures, that is, the rhythmic or oscillatory components of an action, can explain other seemingly non-motor phenomena which occur with frontal lobe damage. For example, perceptual disorders may arise, not from a primary deficit of perception, but from impairments in the visual exploration of space, including changes in visual search, orientation, and ocular displacement. The lack of drive or motivation in frontal patients can also be approached from a motor standpoint. I have suggested that base levels in the action elaborate the experience, or feeling, of drive and that this experience, like the Innervationsguhl of Wundt, arises as an accompaniment of the action development rather than as an energy or a force which is only an underpinning. In other words, drive undergoes a development together with action. Some actions appear to be motivated by drives or instincts, others are purposeful or goal-oriented, and still others are volitional, in the sense that decisions are made, actions can be delayed and even witheld in pursuit of a goal. My guess is that these feeling states drive, purposefulness, volition correspond with evolutionary levels in the action development, and that this is why damage to the action structure impacts on the feeling state specified by the damaged processing stage. (Lazarus, 1991) Actions also elaborate intentions, the feeling that one it an agent who acts on an environment. This is part of the temporal unfolding of the action and its continual surge toward a future state. It is the basis for our distinction of passive and active movements. This feeling, and the other affects which the action generates, are bound up with the sense of anticipation and forward growth. The loss of, or a change in, this direction toward the future has the consequence of a greater responsiveness to ongoing stimuli and an apparent tendency to live for the immediate present. The loss of this active or volitional relation to the world is, ultimately, the most profound effect of damage to the frontal lobes. The action unfolds into the volumetric space of limbic cognition, a space of dream and hallucination. The action moves outward beyond the body itself to an extrapersonal field of body movement that is still part of and continuous with subjective mental space. This is not a grasping or manipulation space, for objects have not yet exteriorized. The emerging action is read off into keyboards innervating the proximal musculature. Actions leave the body axis and are distributed through the proximal muscles into the space around the body or onto the body itslef. At this stage, the first separation appears between perceiver and object, actor and object acted upon, agent and action. The motor envelope differentiates into partial actions, objects begin to clarify, and space begins to expand, fractionate, and draw away from the perceiver. (Lazarus, 1991) The role of limbic mechanisms in action is brought home even more clearly by conditions in which there is damage to limbic-derived neocortex on the mesial aspect of the frontal lobe. Bilateral damage to the anterior cingulate gyrus gives rise to a state of akinetic mutism resembling that which can occur with damage to the upper brainstem. The patient appears to be in a catatonic stupor and, as in catatonia, there are periodic bouts of excitement that give way to a persistent vegetative state. Stimulation of this region in man produces motor and affective responses suggestive of a primitive or archaic level in behavior. Stimulation adjacent to the anterior cingulate gyrus in the supplementary motor area (SMA) causes iteration or arrest of vocalization and proximal movement, especially of the upper limbs. With damage there may be a release of automatisms and primitive synergies of the arm and hand (alien hand) or difficulty initiating action with the arm though strength and coordination are intact. There may also be difficulty initiating speech. This can lead to selective mutism or selective akinesia, that is, ambulatory mutism or good speech with imparied initiation of limb movement. Selective difficulty initiating movements with the lower extremities occurs in the so-called gait apraxia, or magnetic gait, often associated with hydrocephalus. (Wilson, 1983) In the microgenetic theory the SMA mediates preparatory stages in action generation prior to conscious awareness. Lesions of this area disrupt speech, limb, and body action in a common manner early in the processing of the action, prior to the specification of constituent movement patterns. The disturbance of speech was viewed as motoric, not linguistic or propositional. In the microgenetic view, each response represents a bundle of action structures, consisting of the series of stages through which the action develops. Pathology disrupts the action at different points in this process. The site of the lesion determines the point in the sequence that is disrupted, and this point or processing stage constitutes the symptom or abnormal behavior. Microgeny maps onto patterns of phyletic growth. The structure of an action and the symptoms that correspond to levels in this structure are distributed over stages in forebrain evolution. Damage to older orbital and mesial frontal limbic formations leads to impaired activation (response bias or perseveration and lack of initiation), damage along the convexity leads to derailment of the action after adequate initiation (distractibility, apraxia, and confabulation), and damage to premotor and motor cortices leads to a defect in implementation of distal targets (misarticulation, clumsiness, and weakness). Specifically, the evolutionary progression from limbic to motor cortices retraces the sequence of processing stages in the microtemporal elaboration of an action. Seizures involving mesial frontal limbic cortex can lead to stereotypical actions of a purposeful type, such as scratching ones head, manipulating imaginary objects, or pacing. The alien hand syndrome also represents a type of released automatism. Here a more complex integrated behavior of a purposeful but not volitional type is associated with damage or stimulation to zones intermediate in the action microgeny. The inner relationship between (impaired) initiation and (released) automatism recurs but now in the context of a more differentiated action pattern, involving segmental or vocal movements. Non-Linear Dynamic Systems. Two aspects of dynamic systems theory deserve specific mention here; the first is the emergent quality of Jungs methods. Amplification is an intentionally non-linear circumambulation of an image or psychic content; it operates by allowing contextually meaningful associations to be gathered up and enter consciousness. As the limit of personal associations is reached, if further analysis is required, the net is widened to include cultural and archetypal elements. For this expansion to remain clinically relevant it must offer an experiential dimension as well as being an intellectual event; affective involvement is crucial, as will be discussed with dream work. A precondition for entering a state of (analytic) consciousness that can facilitate a mutative employment of transpersonal material was noted by Jung and more fully discussed by Bion, the suspension of ordinary knowing this link between Jung and Bion was delineated by Fordham along with a number of other areas of overlap between them. All psychoanalysts looking at the applications of infant research to adult analysis, subscribe to variants of an emergentist paradigm grounded in non-linear dynamic systems. Sanders ideas about paradox and polarity are resonant with Jungs core perception of the dissociability of the psyche that leads to his theory of complexes with the consequent aim in analysis to foster synthesis and integration via the transcendent function. Every living system must cope with uncertainty that places it in a state somewhere between continuity and change, core polarities for Sander. In the therapeutic setting, fluctuations in relational certitude and doubt provide an emergent edge through which the co-constructed third of the relationship becomes the locus of the transcendent function. The system radically expands our understanding of transference and points to the creative possibilities inherent in a â€Å"new† experience. Which complexes are constellated in the analyst, in the patient and between them at such moments should likely be considered.

Find out the difference Essay Example for Free

Find out the difference Essay I am trying to find out the difference in flight time, of a weighted paper helicopter, on comparison to a mass of blue tack with equivalent mass. Variables Things that could be investigated are:   Wing span which would effect the air resistance of the helicopter   Mass attached to helicopter   Wing area   Increase the mass of the helicopter by adding more paper clips which I predict would effect the rate of which the helicopter would fall. Measurement and different interpretation of these variables could be made for example, increasing the amount of mass then compare it with air resistance by timing a piece of blue tact of same mass. Hypothesis What I predict will happen is, as the mass of the blue tact is increased the speed in which it falls will be increased too. Also I predict that as the mass of paperclips are added to the helicopter the faster it will fall. The reason and objects stay at rest is because the two forces on the object are equal. Things that effect the rate of which the paper clip fall are gravity and air resistance: * If an object is released above the ground it falls, because it is attracted towards the earth. This force of attraction is called gravity. As an object falls through air, it usually encounters some degree of air resistance. Air resistance is the result of collisions of the objects leading surface with air molecules. The actual amount of air resistance encountered by the object is dependent upon a variety of factors. To keep the topic simple, it can be said that the two most common factors, which have a direct effect upon the amount of air resistance, are the speed of the object and the cross-sectional area of the object. Increased speeds result in an increased amount of air resistance. Increased cross-sectional areas result in an increased amount of air resistance. I think when theres more paperclips (when the helicopter is heavier) its time of fall would decrease. I think this will happen because the force pulling the helicopter down (weight/gravity pull) is larger when its heavier whereas air resistance is the same. The reason it will fall is due to gravity acting on the mass at nearly 10meters/sec. But the reason why the ball of blue tack and the helicopter will have varying flight times is due to air resistance. A way of increasing an objects rotational momentum is to put most of its mass as far from the centre of rotation as possible as this will maximise its speed and therefore give it more momentum. If a spinning object has more momentum when its mass is far from the centre of rotation, then it must require more energy to make such an object go the same speed as one with its mass in the centre of rotation. In the preliminary tests I decided I would use medium strength sugar paper. The clock is to be started from the top of the ceiling at 2. 5metres and then stopped when the helicopter touches the floor Method. You want to find out the comparison in flight time between the blue tack and the paper helicopter; the helicopter design, which should be used, is attached. Paper helicopter must be kept to the same design each time. First the paper helicopter should be weighed with the specified amount of paper clips on an electronic scale, then the weight should be recreated with a piece of blue tack rolled into a ball. The height of the drop should be stated, then the paper helicopter and blue tack should be dropped at separate times while being timed with a stop watch and recorded. This should be repeated 3 times to make sure no mistakes occur. It is fair test because: 1. Electric scales are used to make sure the measurement are as precise as possible. 2. The test is committed inside thus avoiding wind, which would effect the experiment. 3. It is repeated 3 time in order to make sure no anomalies occur. 4. The same height of which it is dropped will be kept. Some of the variables that can be changed are the weight and design of the helicopter but those will be kept the same by simply making sure accuracy and care is performed. The clock is to be started from the top of the ceiling at 2. 5metres and then stopped when the helicopter touches the floor Risk Assessment. Well the experiment is fundamentally safe with the only danger being that of which you stand on to reach the desired height on to drop the helicopter and the ball. Diagrams Results Analysis The experiment was repeated so that we have 3 separate results for accuracy. What I found out was that although the mass are the same for both object this doesnt mean that they will have the same amount of flight time. This is due to the varying air resistance of the two objects. My results proved my hypothesis to be correct and I also found out was that the higher the mass on the helicopter the faster the helicopter span. As gravity pulls the helicopter down, air pushes up against the blades, bending them up. Because the blades are slanted slightly, some of that push becomes a sideways push. Because you have two blades that are pointed in opposite directions, the two opposing pushes of air cause the helicopter to spin. The rotation speed increases as the weight (paper clips) increases, but a point is reached where additional weight pulls down with such force that the wings move upward and the plane falls like and falling object. Air resistance is proportional to the falling bodys velocity squared. For an object to experience terminal velocity, air resistance must balance weight. An example that shows this phenomenon was the classic illustration of a rock and a feather being dropped simultaneously. In a vacuum with zero air resistance, these two objects will experience same acceleration. But this does not happen on Earth. Air resistance will equal weight more quickly for the feather than it would for the rock. The reason why the helicopter with most paper clips fell faster was due to Terminal Velocity. So a helicopter with more paperclips will experience a Terminal Velocity greater that a helicopter with less paperclips. Trends that happened in the experiment include that as the mass increased on the helicopter the time to fall was shortened and with continued tests would equal out to the same flight time of the ball of blue tack, reducing the effect of air resistance drastically. The paper helicopter initially accelerates due to the force of gravity, because the downward force due to his weight is the only force acting on him. Then it starts to experience frictional force of air resistance in the opposite direction. As the helicopter increases in speed eventually the force due to air resistance is equal to the force due to his weight. This means that the air resistant force is equal to the force due to the weight. This means that the resultant force acting on him is now zero and it continues to fall a constant speed called the terminal velocity. Conclusion What I found out was that as the mass increased on the helicopter the effect of resistance on the helicopter dropped on comparison to the blue tack ball. I found out that although two objects may be the same mass it depends on the other forces effecting it, and in this case it was air resistance acting upon it. The helicopter was better shaped to stay in the air longer, but as the mass increased the wings were unable to open. Evaluation The results did fit into a clear pattern and are as expected, as the mass was increased the rate in wish it fell was faster and as you can see by the comparison of the blue tack it was getting close to the rate of the blue tack. For one example of a slight anomaly is in experiment 1 at the weight at 2. 2g It seems out of place. The results seem reliable and follow a trend with minimal anomalies. Preliminary tests were completed and no alterations were made, as the tests were a success. In the preliminary tests I decided I would use medium strength sugar paper. Some of the reasons that could have caused the anomalies are:   The accuracy of taking the timing could have been at fault   The releasing of the helicopter Things that made the test unfair are:   Every time you put a paper clip, centre of gravity / centre of mass is different. What would have been better to get a precise reading to the falling would have been to use a laser trigger to set the stop clock off because for people to be split second accurate it would be extremely difficult if not in possible. To extend my experiment I would like to drop the helicopters with greater masses on but be able to record the timing of them accurately. References 1. The essentials of AQA science: Double Award Coordinated Physics 2. Key science by Jim Breithaupt Chris Sommers Page 1 10/05/2007.

Gun Control: Arguments For and Against

Gun Control: Arguments For and Against Introduction There is a variety of acquiring a weapon within a state. Several claims allow anyone who lawfully owns a firearm to transport it openly, in public areas, without necessitating a permit or permit. A number of states likewise have no permit need to transport a concealed firearm. Concealed carry takes a permit generally in most states, however the most those states offer the permits automatically to any legal firearm owners who would like them. Areas also range in their guidelines on gun ownership in specific adjustments, like campuses and properties of worship. There is absolutely no consensus. Actually, police have the same varieties of social and local divides as everybody else. Generally, big-city police force chiefs will support firearm control, and small-town chiefs and sheriffs will oppose it. Those in the Northeast are much more likely than those in the South and Western world to favor it. Description Having the ability to replace ammunition videos quickly also increases the fatality tolls in mass shootings. Present state legislation requires semi-automatic rifles be prepared with a set magazine that will require a tool because of its removal. That little ingenuity satisfies regulations but thwarts the purpose of the locked-clip need. While state legislations takes a firearms seller to file an archive of sales with their state when a weapon changes hands, no such need is present for ammunition which, in simple fact, can be sold to just about anybody. (People barred from running a weapon are also barred from buying bullets, but thats hard to enforce because no record check is conducted). A preexisting regulation that was to have settled this matter for handgun ammunition is at risk of their state Supreme Court docket after a lesser judge ruled its meaning of ammunition was too obscure. In the meantime, Senate Pro-Tem Kevin de Leon has suggested amending regulations to clarify this is, but an examination by the Senate Community Basic safety Committee found the changes wouldnt solve the issues found by the judge. [1] The Argument Every time there are a shooting in the news headlines, right-wing pundits and politicians pull out their talking factors to make clear why the latest firearm tragedy doesnt indicate the U.S. should shrink access to lethal firearms. Guns dont kill people. People kill people This is an excellent argument for many who cant inform the difference between one fatality and twelve. Absolutely, a murderer could kill one individual or two with a blade before being discontinued. But to essentially rack up those mind-blowing fatality counts to make certain that lots of lives are ruined and young families ruined in the area of five or ten minutes you desire a gun. If whatever you value is apportioning blame and declaring that someone will or doesnt have murderous intention, then you should, claim a blade and a weapon are equivalent weaponry. For those individuals who tend to be worried about stopping unnecessary fatalities than simply acknowledging the hate that resides in a few peoples hearts, however, the absolute amount of harm a firearm can do is reason to limit who is able to get their practical one. The only thing that stops a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun If you like pithy sayings to hard research, I can understand why this might be convincing. But if you go through the real world, viewers definitely not being our only anticipation, good individuals with weapons are scarcely any help in any way. No mass shootings before 30 years have been discontinued by an equipped civilian; in 1982, an equipped civilian successfully wiped out a shooter, but it was only after he determined his crime. It isnt that there arent enough weapons, either. You will discover as many weapons as people in this country, and completely a third of men and women are armed. Even though shootings happen in gun-happy places, where equipped people will definitely be nearby, this vigilante situation simply fails. But, mental health Opponents of weapon control love mentioning the condition of insufficient mental healthcare after a filming. This is firmly for deflection purposes, as there is absolutely no sign that Republicans will ever before work on significant reform for our mental health systems which, its true are woefully insufficient. Its a concern that only issues to them in the immediate aftermath of your taking then its neglected, until theres another taking pictures. [2] Wrong Arguments The Country wide Rifle Association and its own allies have their post-shooting workout down frigid. They wait around a day or two and then act in response with a blistering selection of disorders against gun-safety advocates getting in touch with for reform. No real matter what the circumstances a couple at a Xmas get together, a deranged teen at a cinema, or a sniper concentrating on cops at a peaceful demo they make the same tips, which, unsurprisingly, often seem detached from the realities. A good guy with a gun would have stopped it Most armed individuals fare more serious than their law enforcement counterparts. The clear style that emerges from weapon incidents is the fact that shooters have an individual link with their concentrate on locations some grudge against them, no subject how misguided. So when shooters choose a location at random, there is absolutely no substantive research that they gravitate specifically to gun-free areas. Even the most heart-wrenching works of gun assault are actually so typical and daily habit that writing a well-timed article about the topic has become extremely difficult. One mass filming replaces another, permitting short amount of time for meaningful representation or catharsis. While information regarding the tragedy in Dallas remain emerging, some fact is painfully clear: The shooter was apparently equipped with high-powered weaponry, was evidently undeterred by good men with guns and even specifically targeted those good individuals. Just as before, our countrys lax firearm regulations helped a thief unleash horrific carnage. [3] There is absolutely no uncertainty that the life of some 260 million weapons (which perhaps 60 million are handguns) escalates the death count in this country. We dont have driven-by poisonings or drive-by knifings, but we do have driven-by shootings. Quick access to weapons makes deadly assault more prevalent in drug offers, gang battles and street area brawls. However, there is absolutely no way to extinguish this way to obtain guns. It might be constitutionally suspect and politically impossible to confiscate vast sums of weapons. You are able to declare a location gun-free, as Virginia Technology got done, and weapons its still helped bring there. If you want to suppose by how much the U.S. murder rate would fall season if civilians got no guns, we have to start by recognizing that the non-gun homicide rate in this country is 3 x greater than the non-gun homicide rate in Britain. For historical and ethnic reasons, People in America are a far more violent people than the British, even when they cannot use a firearm. This fact models a floor below that your murder rate will not be reduced even if, by some constitutional or politics magic, we became gun-free. You can find federally required criminal background checks on purchasing weaponry; many claims (including Virginia) limit weapon purchases to 1 per month, and juveniles may well not buy them by any means. But even if there have been even tougher limitations, access to weapons would remain not too difficult. Not minimal because, as holds true today, many would be taken as well as others would be obtained through straw acquisitions created by a ready confederate. It really is practically impossible to utilize new history check or waiting-period regulations to avoid dangerous individuals from getting guns. The ones that they cannot buy, theyll steal or acquire. Its also important to note that weapons play an important role in self-defense. Estimations differ concerning how common this is, however the numbers arent trivial. Somewhere within 100,000 plus more than 2 million instances of self-defense occur each year. There are various compelling cases. In a single Mississippi senior high school, an equipped administrator apprehended an institution shooter. In the Pennsylvania senior high school, an armed product owner prevented further fatalities. Would an equipped teacher have averted a few of the fatalities at Virginia Technical? We cannot know, but it isnt unlikely. For the Western disdain for our legal culture, a lot of those countries shouldnt spend a lot of time congratulating themselves. In 2000, the pace at which individuals were robbed or assaulted was higher in Britain, Scotland, Finland, Poland, Denmark and Sweden than it was in America. The assault rate in Great Britain was double that in America. In the 10 years since England restricted all private ownership of handguns, the BBC reported that the amount of gun crimes has truly gone up sharply. A number of the worst types of mass gun assault have also took place in Europe. Lately, 17 students and professors were killed with a shooter in a single event at a German open public college; 14 legislators were taken to fatality in Switzerland, and eight city council users were taken to loss of life near Paris. The primary lesson which should emerge from the Virginia Technology killings is that people need to work harder to recognize and handle dangerously unpredictable personalities. It really is problems for Europeans as well as People in America, one that there are no easy alternatives such as transferring more firearm control laws and regulations. [4] Gun control wont protect us There are several facts and reports people use to claim both attributes of the weapon control issue. We are able to use other countries as illustrations and we may use criminal offenses rates of metropolitan areas, expresses and countries. No matter how carefully researched the figures are, individuals have an emotional a reaction to this problem that more often than not overrides the reports presented, apart from that one: The violent offense rate in America has truly gone down substantially within the last twenty years. Our anxieties, though, have risen, due to high-profile occurrences of mass killings of individuals found unaware. Killers took lives in churches, academic institutions, hospitals, government complexes, and the website of any marathon, the Twin Towers and a good part of any military bottom part where military were regarded as unarmed. [5] These killings identify the actual fact that anybody, and some of our family members, are susceptible when caught with this shield down against someone else who would like to do injury. Does it subject what tool they used? If it was a rifle, a tube bomb, a pickup truck of fertilizer, a pressure cooker or a planes the outcome is the same. Yet an incredible number of other people possess the freedom to get those exact same things and can never utilize them to get rid of. These horrific mass killings were dedicated by an extremely small number of men and women who want to harm and eliminate others. Ultimately, inside our horror, we provide them with a voice they might never have got otherwise. Just access a deadly tool doesnt switch someone into a killer. Most of us who have vehicles have felt some type of extreme anger at other individuals because we feel they have got put us in harms way. Even special ops men, military and law enforcement officials who are trained to get rid of for respectable purposes, who are aware of multiple weapons and also have usage of the weaponry and ammunition even these individuals, who are experienced, will let you know they never know if indeed they can take the lead to until positioned able to use deadly drive to protect someone else. My federal has proven that it is unable to protect me against people who wish to wipe out. And I dont blame the federal government, because there is merely one person at fault here: The person or girl who made a decision to kill. [5] Automobiles are tools that is involved with as much deaths as weapons. With this country, we give liberty and take it away once you end up being unworthy of the flexibility weve given you. No one suggests removing cars or going right through a power supply of tests to find out if you may be a drunk drivers 1 day. Understandably, we wish a remedy to ensure that people and our family members will never maintain the situation to be trapped unaware by a person who thought we would do offense. Mass killers have targeted churches, businesses, concert halls, schools and private hospitals, nonetheless they could as easily take their assault to a location where people are equipped. Yet they dont. Even at Fort Hood, the killer opt for place on the bottom where he recognized military would be unarmed. And what we have to do is find the courage to simply accept that from the dawn of energy before day man no more walks the planet earth, evil will see a means. Murder is little or nothing new, it isnt going away which is not reliant on one technique of eliminating or another. We are able to forge ahead realizing that while bad is in our midst, it includes the few. The nice, responsible people will be the vast majority. We are able to trust the other person with basic freedoms until one individual shows to be untrustworthy by maliciously, intentionally harming another individual. [5] Misunderstanding about gun control There are so many misunderstandings that it is hard to learn where to start. For one, we have to understand that weve experienced an amazing reduction in violent criminal offenses and gun criminal offense in the U.S. because the early on 1990s, even although amount of firearms has increased by about 10 million each year. There is no simple correspondence between your volume of firearms in private hands and the quantity of gun criminal offense, and I often think it is somewhat peculiar that there appears to be a notion that things are more serious than ever before when, the truth is, things are actually better than they are for many years. People also needs to remember that most gun-related fatalities are suicides, not murders. You will discover doubly many suicides in the U.S. by weapons as there are homicides and I believe most people discover that very surprising. Again and again one reads that 30,000 individuals have been wiped out with weapons, but whats not said is the fact 20,000 of these needed their own lives. But perhaps the most frequent misperception of most, and the idea I wish to underline over and over is that there surely is no simple, effective insurance policy to reduce firearm crime that is merely there for the requesting so long as weve the politics will to do it. That solution doesnt are present. Its very difficult to find an effort that is implementable and enforceable that could make almost any a direct effect on gun offense. [6] The Term ‘Gun Control’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘Weapon control’ is a wide term that addresses any kind of limitation on what varieties of firearms can be sold and bought, who is able to own or sell them, where and exactly how they could be stored or taken, what tasks a seller must vet a buyer, and what commitments both buyer and owner have to survey transactions to the federal government. Sometimes, the word is also used to protect related concerns, like restrictions on types of ammunition and newspapers, or technology, like the sort that allows weapons to fire only once gripped by their owners. Lately, weapon control debates have centered mainly on criminal background checks for clients, allowing visitors to carry weapons in public areas, and whether to permit the ownership of assault rifles. [7] Conclusion Weve slipped into a land of administration that has guaranteed the moon, hardly ever delivered and powered us into an environment of more laws and regulations, more federal, and less liberty and none of them of this has quit murder, pain and anguish. No government provides the utopia many seek. I am hoping our people keep tight to the idea that we dont need to be considered a fear-ridden country centered on restrictions, but instead that we continue to be the land of the free and home of the fearless. References Californias proposed gun laws wont change our culture of violence, but they will make us safer. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-adv-california-guns-20160422-story.html Marcotte, A. (2015, October 1). 4 pro-gun arguments we’re sick of hearing. Rolling Stone. Retrieved from http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/4-pro-gun-arguments-were-sick-of-hearing-20151001 DeFillipis, E., & Hughes, D. (2016). 5 arguments against gun control—and why they are all wrong. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-defilippis-hughes-gun-myths-debunked-20160708-snap-story.html Wilson, J. Q. (2007, April 20). Gun control isn’t the answer. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/la-oe-wilson20apr20-story.html Kyle, T. (2013, July 18). ‘American Sniper’ widow: Gun control won’t protect us. CNN. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/07/opinions/taya-kyle-gun-control Davidson, J. (2015, December 1). A criminologist’s case against gun control. Time. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/4100408/a-criminologists-case-against-gun-control Perez-Pena, R. (2015, October 7). Gun control explained. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/07/us/gun-control-explained.html?_r=0

Cry , the Beloved Country: Post-Colonial Literary Theory :: Cry the Beloved Country Essays

Cry , the Beloved Country: Post-Colonial Literary Theory Bibliography w/4 sources Cry , the Beloved Country by Alan Paton is a perfect example of post-colonial literature. South Africa is a colonized country, which is, in many ways, still living under oppression. Though no longer living under apartheid, the indigenous Africans are treated as a minority, as they were when Paton wrote the book. This novel provides the political view of the author in both subtle and evident ways. Looking at the skeleton of the novel, it is extremely evident that relationship of the colonized vs. colonizers, in this case the blacks vs. the whites, rules the plot. Every character’s race is provided and has association with his/her place in life. A black man kills a white man, therefore that black man must die. A black umfundisi lives in a valley of desolation, while a white farmer dwells above on a rich plot of land. White men are even taken to court for the simple gesture of giving a black man a ride. This is not a subtle point, the reader is i mmediately stricken by the diversities in the lives of the South Africans. The finer details of the book are what can really be looked at in terms of post-colonial theory. The fact that a native Zulu, Stephen Kumalo, is a priest of Christianity and speaks English, communicates how the colonized are living. Neither of these practices are native to his land, but they are treated by all as if they were. Small sentences are woven into the plot to further this point, such as the reoccurring European greetings. Another emphasis is on the learned customs of the people. In court when Kumalo finds that his son will be hanged, he is touched that a white man breaks the custom to help him walk outside. When the white boy raised his cap to Kumalo, he, "felt a strange pride that it should be so, and a strange humility that it should be so, and an astonishment that the small boy should not know the custom." (p. 234). The fact that this small courtesy was taken so heavily is overwhelming from a post-colonial point of view. Kumalo is so accustomed to the way of the land that he does not dare think that he deserves even this respect. Napoleon Letsisi is the character that reveals the significant political belief of the author.

Diabetes Essay -- Health Disease Disorder Diabetes Essays Papers

Diabetes Diabetes is a lifelong disease that can affect both children and adults. This disease is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. It claims about 178,000 lives each year. Type one diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, usually occurs in people less than thirty years of age, but it also may appear at any age. Diabetes is a very serious disease with many life threatening consequences, but if it is taken care of properly, diabetics can live a normal life. Diabetes is a disease that causes an abnormally high level of sugar, or glucose, to build up in the blood. Glucose comes from food we consume and also from our liver and muscles. Blood delivers glucose to all the cells in the body. In people without diabetes, the pancreas makes a chemical called insulin which is released into the blood stream. Insulin helps the glucose from the food get into cells. When the pancreas doesn’t make insulin, it can’t get into the cells and the insulin stays in the blood stream. The blood glucose level gets very high, causing the person to have type one diabetes. There are many symptoms of type one diabetes. They include drinking irritability, excessive urination, extreme weight loss, feeling very hungry or tired, sores that don’t heal and blurry eyesight. The cause of type one diabetes is unknown, although genetic tendency and childhood infections are two possibilities. The pancreas undergoes a change and cells that normally produce insulin are destroyed. This may be a result of the body’s own immune system believing the pancreas is a foreign organ. Also, type one diabetes often appears at times of physical stress and during illness when the body produces extra ... ... is a technique that monitors the glucose level without the use of needles. Another type of therapy is the artificial pancreas. It combines glucose sensing and insulin delivery through a closed loop system. Mimicking the human pancreas, this therapy would register the blood glucose levels and in response deliver the right amount of insulin. Diabetes is a very serious disease that takes many lives each year. It is a lifelong disease that can be fatal to both adults and children if it is uncontrolled. Diabetes does not have to be fatal if certain precautions are taken. If diabetics maintain a healthy diet and watch their carbohydrate intake they can keep their diabetes under control. Monitoring blood sugar is also necessary to live a healthy life. If diabetics know the right way of maintaining their diabetes, they can live a very normal and active life. Diabetes Essay -- Health Disease Disorder Diabetes Essays Papers Diabetes Diabetes is a lifelong disease that can affect both children and adults. This disease is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. It claims about 178,000 lives each year. Type one diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, usually occurs in people less than thirty years of age, but it also may appear at any age. Diabetes is a very serious disease with many life threatening consequences, but if it is taken care of properly, diabetics can live a normal life. Diabetes is a disease that causes an abnormally high level of sugar, or glucose, to build up in the blood. Glucose comes from food we consume and also from our liver and muscles. Blood delivers glucose to all the cells in the body. In people without diabetes, the pancreas makes a chemical called insulin which is released into the blood stream. Insulin helps the glucose from the food get into cells. When the pancreas doesn’t make insulin, it can’t get into the cells and the insulin stays in the blood stream. The blood glucose level gets very high, causing the person to have type one diabetes. There are many symptoms of type one diabetes. They include drinking irritability, excessive urination, extreme weight loss, feeling very hungry or tired, sores that don’t heal and blurry eyesight. The cause of type one diabetes is unknown, although genetic tendency and childhood infections are two possibilities. The pancreas undergoes a change and cells that normally produce insulin are destroyed. This may be a result of the body’s own immune system believing the pancreas is a foreign organ. Also, type one diabetes often appears at times of physical stress and during illness when the body produces extra ... ... is a technique that monitors the glucose level without the use of needles. Another type of therapy is the artificial pancreas. It combines glucose sensing and insulin delivery through a closed loop system. Mimicking the human pancreas, this therapy would register the blood glucose levels and in response deliver the right amount of insulin. Diabetes is a very serious disease that takes many lives each year. It is a lifelong disease that can be fatal to both adults and children if it is uncontrolled. Diabetes does not have to be fatal if certain precautions are taken. If diabetics maintain a healthy diet and watch their carbohydrate intake they can keep their diabetes under control. Monitoring blood sugar is also necessary to live a healthy life. If diabetics know the right way of maintaining their diabetes, they can live a very normal and active life.

The Lunar Landing Hoax Theory - Evidence Pro and Con Essay -- Argument

The Lunar Landing Hoax Theory - Evidence Pro and Con A cash reward of $100,000 was offered to anyone who could prove, with conclusive physical evidence, the existence of the moon. This reward still remains unclaimed ("The Moon-The Real Truth"). After all, how does one know for sure the moon even exists? Even if it does exist, how does one prove it? That's what NASA set out to do in the late 1960's. On July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong planted the first human footprints in the lunar soil. The United States had accomplished their goal in sending men to the moon. They managed to not only send them 238,857 mi. (384,403 km) into space to our neighbor celestial body, but also send them back with a successful flight to our mother earth. This seems like a difficult task for a country that was behind Russia in space exploration at the time. So, did NASA actually have enough technology to do this? Even though many Americans believe that the United States sent men to the moon in 1969, there are a few who believe that the moon landing was a hoax. A 1999 Gallup poll showed that 6% of Americans have doubts about the moon landing. Even though 6% of Americans doesn't sound like a lot, it translates to millions of people (Plait). It would have been easier to fake all the photographs in the Nevada desert in Area 51 than to actually perform the mission to the moon. However, NASA did indeed have the technology in the late 1960's to send men to the moon, and all the evidence they brought back proves it. On July 16, 1969 the space ship Apollo 11 left from Kennedy Space Center en route to the moon. The crew consisted of Neil A. Armstrong, the commander; Edwin E. Aldrin, the jr. lunar module pilot; and Michael Collins, the commander module pilot... ...aphs and videos ("Proof"). This is a matter of physics. No one can physically prove that the US landed on the moon. So, will Americans ever know the real truth about the moon landings? What one's eyes see, one believes. So, from all the evidence that NASA obtained, it proves that they really did send men to the moon in 1969. Works Cited "Apollo Investigation." Aulis online. 11 Feb. 2001. 9 Dec. 2001 <http://www.aulis.com/>. Dumoulin, Jim. "Apollo 11." Kennedy Space Center Launching A Vision. 12 Dec. 2001. 13 Dec. 2001 <http://www.ksc.nasa.gov/>. "The Moon-The Real Truth." Reptilian Research. 9 Dec. 2001 <http:www.reptiles.org>. Plait, Phil. "Fox TV and the Apollo Moon Hoax." Bad Astronomy. 3 Dec. 2001. 6 Dec. 2001 <http://www.badastronomy.com/>. "Proof." Red Zero. 8 Sept. 2001. 6 Dec. 2001 <http://www.redzero.demon.co.uk/>.

Is the Successful Reform of the United Nations Security

Reform of the United Nations Security Council has the support of the majority of the member states; theoretically, there is consensus on the issue. Ideas for reform include expansion of the number of permanent members of the Security Council and extending the veto powers currently held by the permanent members. However, this consensus has so far proved illusory, because agreement only exists in a vague form. When the debate is teased out it emerges that there is a lot of differing views on what reforms should take place and which states they should include. This essay aims to argue that UNSC reform is not possible because no consensus exists on who enlargement should include and whether the P-5 should remain the only veto holders. It is the intention of this essay to tiptoe through this political minefield and ultimately to argue that the Security Council must become more representative – that more members should be admitted to better reflect the world and the diverse opinions therein. The purpose of the United Nations is to bring the states of the world together in one place to resolve international issues and there can be no greater issue than that of security; it is imperative that the UNSC reflects world opinion not a minority of states. The proposed ideas for reform are mainly concerning expansion of the UNSC’s membership. It is argued by many that the power wielded by the P-5 is disproportionate and that this does not fairly reflect the world. As Kofi Annan stated: â€Å"in the eyes of much of the world, the size and composition of the Security Council appear insufficiently representative. (Annan 2002, quoted by Fassbender 2004, p. 341). Latin America, Africa and large parts of Asia and the Caribbean all lack a permanent member and that leaves these regions underrepresented in terms of UNSC security policy. It is felt that permanent membership and crucially the veto should be extended to states from these regions of the world. That no longer should the P-5 have such a crucial say in the security of the world, that these powers should be opened up to other states in other parts of the world. The other criticisms of the UNSC P-5 are that although they were the preminent powers in 1945 this is no longer the case. This criticism largely falls upon the UK and France and Russia who in 1945 were global empires but now longer are nowhere near as powerful and influential as they used to be. That there are now many states in the world that can equal the economic and military powers of the UK, France and Russia. It is argued that the UNSC should better represent the great powers of today rather than those of over sixty years ago. There is some consensus and support for the idea of expansion. However, many states put forward provisos with their messages of support. The United States is concerned that new members should be economically powerful with a large population and has a solid history in terms of democracy and human rights. The joint British-French statement argued the need for representation for Africa and quizzically did not put forward an African candidate and instead named their choices; Germany, Brazil, India and Japan (Joint UK- France Declaration, 2008). India expressed the need for the UNSC to also include developing states and that increase of permanent and non-permanent members was necessary. (India and the United Nations; UN Reform. ) Brazil argued that the UNSC does not represent today’s world and the limited number of states in its current composition was not a multilateral approach. The debate about veto reform is a non event as none of the P-5 will accept any reform to their veto rights (Rath, 2006, p. 59). There does not seem any way the P-5 could be stripped off the veto without their compliance and without a fundamental change in attitude, veto reform is impossible. The question of who should become new members of an enlarged Security Council is a very divisive issue. For every likely candidate there are several detractors as well as supporters. The most prominent candidates for becoming permanent members are the G-4 consisting of Japan, Germany, India and Brazil. These four are all seen as contributing generously to the UN and all have either large populations or economies. However, the most fundamental criticism of the G-4 is that it although it does expand the Council it still neglects a permanent seat for an African state. It also further weighs the Security Council with more industrialised rich countries (Bourantonis, 2005, p. 69). The group Uniting for Consensus actively argues against the accession of the G-4 to the UNSC and instead argues for an increase of non-permanent members. Uniting for Consensus is often seen as being driven by member states regional rivalries; Italy’s opposition to Germany’s bid is one example. Indeed, all of the G-4 have opponents, in South American it is argued primarily by Argentina that Portuguese speaking Brazil can not represent the rest of the Spanish speaking continent. Not all the criticisms of these candidates are to do with regional rivalries; the US was publicly supportive of Germany’s bid but the souring of relations over Iraq prompted Washington to change policy (Fassbender, 2004, p. 342). The issue of who supports who and why is a complicated issue but these examples stand to show that there is very little consensus amongst states about who might join a reformed UNSC and is the reason reform debate is so deadlocked. Reform of the Security Council is possible but will be very difficult; selecting members for expansion will prove divisive in international politics. The desirability of reform has been covered to some extent above with the need to better represent the world in the Security Council but the main issue for debate in this regard is the effect expansion could have on the workings of the UNSC. The argument against expansion conceptually posits that a Security Council with too many members loses its executive function. That the whole idea of this tier of the UN system is to have a few powerful and influential states to act together decisively. Thus enlargement -particularly of the veto- would cause more division among UNSC members and render the Council prone to deadlock, based on the simple logic that it is easier to get a smaller group to agree collectively than it is a larger group. The oft cited example is the failings of the League of Nations which was constantly paralysed by the need for unanimity among members to act (Weiss, 2003, p. 148). Although conceptually it is easy to argue this case, it does require some qualification with examples and there is an argument to be made that the UNSC is not at the moment a decisive body which has little to do with its size (Lund, 2010). Whether enlargement would make the UNSC more or less efficient depends upon whether we consider the current incarnation to be so. A better argument for enlargement not making the Council a committee was made by the German diplomat Dr. Gunter Pleuger, stating that enlargement of NATO had not made that body less effective which now include one more state, 26 than the proposed UNSC increase to 25 (Pleuger, 2005). This is a good example of an international body being able to act in concert whilst having a large membership, but NATO and the UN are very different. NATO members all share sympathetic policy goals and to some extent would consider themselves allies. However, the present P-5 alone or with the G-4 are not allies in great sense and although they might all support the idea of international peace and security they would have a much larger difference of viewpoint on conflicts than NATO. In conclusion, reform of the Security Council would require substantial work to be achieved and does risk souring of relations around the world. The prospect that the veto will be abolished seems very remote, whether new permanent members might have the veto extended to them is tied up with the question of the possibility of enlargement. So many factors remain to be agreed over reform, expansion is not possible without widespread consensus over the shape and size of a new Security Council. If those debates were resolved then the world could look to deciding candidates, another set of hard choices. To definitively state that reform is possible or is not possible is in itself impossible. There are arguments to be made for and against reform, we will have to wait and see what happens. Perhaps the more important part of the question is the desirability of reform, this in its vague sense does have some consensus in international politics. There does need to be a widening of the members of the Security Council; it does need to better represent the world. How this can be effectively implemented is where the debate really starts. The prospect of a deadlocked Security Council, paralysed by a lack of consensus among members is not desirable. Certainly, the simple solution to this would be to abolish the veto and rely upon a majority vote to pass resolutions, however this is not even vaguely a possibility. It is quite possible that an enlarged Security Council could be able to act decisively but it would certainly be a risky experiment and is therefore too much of a risk to take seriously. Desirable reform of the Security Council would require an overhaul and rethink of the whole system. Bibliography http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/228-topics/48674-pros-and-cons-of-security-council-reform.html